feat(@angular/build): add built-in SQLite cache store fallback

To improve toolchain robustness in environments where native dependencies (like lmdb) fail to compile or load (e.g. Docker, locked-down CI environments), this change introduces a built-in SQLite cache store using Node.js v22's node:sqlite module.

Author: clydin

packages/angular/build/src/tools/esbuild/angular/compiler-plugin.ts

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import * as path from 'node:path';
 import { maxWorkers, useTypeChecking } from '../../../utils/environment-options';
 import { AngularHostOptions } from '../../angular/angular-host';
 import { AngularCompilation, DiagnosticModes, NoopCompilation } from '../../angular/compilation';
+import { type PersistentCacheStore, createPersistentCacheStore } from '../cache';
 import { JavaScriptTransformer } from '../javascript-transformer';
 import { LoadResultCache, createCachedLoad } from '../load-result-cache';
 import { logCumulativeDurations, profileAsync, resetCumulativeDurations } from '../profiling';
@@ -62,9 +63,7 @@ export interface CompilerPluginOptions {
 export function createCompilerPlugin(
   pluginOptions: CompilerPluginOptions,
   compilationContextOrCompilation:
-    | AngularCompilationContext
-    | AngularCompilation
-    | (() => Promise<AngularCompilation>),
+    AngularCompilationContext | AngularCompilation | (() => Promise<AngularCompilation>),
   stylesheetBundler: ComponentStylesheetBundler,
 ): Plugin {
   return {
@@ -76,20 +75,21 @@ export function createCompilerPlugin(
 
       // Initialize a worker pool for JavaScript transformations.
       // Webcontainers currently do not support this persistent cache store.
-      let cacheStore: import('../lmdb-cache-store').LmdbCacheStore | undefined;
+      let cacheStore: PersistentCacheStore | undefined;
       if (pluginOptions.sourceFileCache?.persistentCachePath && !process.versions.webcontainer) {
         try {
-          const { LmdbCacheStore } = await import('../lmdb-cache-store');
-          cacheStore = new LmdbCacheStore(
-            path.join(pluginOptions.sourceFileCache.persistentCachePath, 'angular-compiler.db'),
+          cacheStore = await createPersistentCacheStore(
+            path.join(pluginOptions.sourceFileCache.persistentCachePath, 'angular-compiler'),
           );
         } catch (e) {
           setupWarnings.push({
             text: 'Unable to initialize JavaScript cache storage.',
             location: null,
             notes: [
-              // Only show first line of lmdb load error which has platform support listed
-              { text: (e as Error)?.message.split('\n')[0] ?? `${e}` },
+              ...(e as Error).message
+                .split('\n')
+                .slice(1)
+                .map((text) => ({ text })),
               {
                 text: 'This will not affect the build output content but may result in slower builds.',
               },
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ function createCompilerOptionsTransformer(
       // If 'useDefineForClassFields' is already defined in the users project leave the value as is.
       // Otherwise fallback to false due to https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/45995
       // which breaks the deprecated `@Effects` NGRX decorator and potentially other existing code as well.
-      compilerOptions.target = 9 /** ES2022 */;
+      compilerOptions.target = 9; /** ES2022 */
       compilerOptions.useDefineForClassFields ??= false;
 
       // Only add the warning on the initial build

packages/angular/build/src/tools/esbuild/cache.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,16 @@ export interface CacheStore<V> {
   set(key: string, value: V): this | Promise<this>;
 }
 
+/**
+ * A persistent backing data store that supports namespace partitioning
+ * and manual lifecycle close operations.
+ */
+// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+export interface PersistentCacheStore<V = any> extends CacheStore<V> {
+  createCache<T = V>(namespace: string): Cache<T>;
+  close(): void | Promise<void>;
+}
+
 /**
  * A cache object that allows accessing and storing key/value pairs in
  * an underlying CacheStore. This class is the primary method for consumers
@@ -224,3 +234,34 @@ export class MemoryCache<V> extends Cache<V, Map<string, V>> {
     return this.store.entries();
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * Creates and returns a persistent cache store.
+ * Attempts to use the native LMDB store first, and falls back to the built-in SQLite store
+ * if LMDB fails to initialize.
+ *
+ * @param baseCachePath The base path of the cache file/directory without suffix/extension.
+ * @returns A promise resolving to a PersistentCacheStore instance.
+ */
+export async function createPersistentCacheStore(
+  baseCachePath: string,
+): Promise<PersistentCacheStore> {
+  try {
+    const { LmdbCacheStore } = await import('./lmdb-cache-store');
+
+    return new LmdbCacheStore(baseCachePath + '.db');
+  } catch (lmdbError) {
+    try {
+      const { SqliteCacheStore } = await import('./sqlite-cache-store');
+
+      return new SqliteCacheStore(baseCachePath + '-sqlite.db');
+    } catch (sqliteError) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'Unable to initialize JavaScript cache storage.\n' +
+          `LMDB error: ${(lmdbError as Error).message.split('\n')[0]}\n` +
+          `SQLite error: ${(sqliteError as Error).message.split('\n')[0]}`,
+        { cause: sqliteError },
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}

packages/angular/build/src/tools/esbuild/i18n-inliner.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
 import { extname, join } from 'node:path';
 import { WorkerPool } from '../../utils/worker-pool';
 import { type BuildOutputFile, BuildOutputFileType, createOutputFile } from './bundler-files';
-import type { LmdbCacheStore } from './lmdb-cache-store';
+import { type PersistentCacheStore, createPersistentCacheStore } from './cache';
 
 /**
  * A keyword used to indicate if a JavaScript file may require inlining of translations.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export interface I18nInlinerOptions {
 export class I18nInliner {
   #cacheInitFailed = false;
   #workerPool: WorkerPool;
-  #cache: LmdbCacheStore | undefined;
+  #cache: PersistentCacheStore | undefined;
   readonly #localizeFiles: ReadonlyMap<string, BuildOutputFile>;
   readonly #unmodifiedFiles: Array<BuildOutputFile>;
 
@@ -162,8 +162,10 @@ export class I18nInliner {
 
         const result = await this.#workerPool.run({ filename, locale, translation });
         if (this.#cache && cacheKey) {
-          // Failure to set the value should not fail the transform
-          await this.#cache.set(cacheKey, result).catch(() => {});
+          try {
+            // Failure to set the value should not fail the transform
+            await this.#cache.set(cacheKey, result);
+          } catch {}
         }
 
         return result;
@@ -273,9 +275,7 @@ export class I18nInliner {
 
     // Initialize a persistent cache for i18n transformations.
     try {
-      const { LmdbCacheStore } = await import('./lmdb-cache-store');
-
-      this.#cache = new LmdbCacheStore(join(persistentCachePath, 'angular-i18n.db'));
+      this.#cache = await createPersistentCacheStore(join(persistentCachePath, 'angular-i18n'));
     } catch {
       this.#cacheInitFailed = true;
 

packages/angular/build/src/tools/esbuild/lmdb-cache-store.ts

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
  */
 
 import { RootDatabase, open } from 'lmdb';
-import { Cache, CacheStore } from './cache';
+import { Cache, PersistentCacheStore } from './cache';
 
-export class LmdbCacheStore implements CacheStore<unknown> {
+export class LmdbCacheStore implements PersistentCacheStore<unknown> {
   readonly #cacheFileUrl;
   #db: RootDatabase | undefined;
 

packages/angular/build/src/tools/esbuild/sqlite-cache-store.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google LLC All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.dev/license
+ */
+
+import { DatabaseSync } from 'node:sqlite';
+import { Cache, PersistentCacheStore } from './cache';
+
+export class SqliteCacheStore implements PersistentCacheStore<unknown> {
+  #db: DatabaseSync | undefined;
+
+  constructor(
+    readonly cachePath: string,
+    private readonly maxPayloadSize = 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
+    private readonly ttlDays = 14,
+  ) {}
+
+  #ensureDb(): DatabaseSync {
+    if (!this.#db) {
+      this.#db = new DatabaseSync(this.cachePath);
+      // Optimize SQLite for cache usage
+      this.#db.exec('PRAGMA auto_vacuum = FULL;');
+      this.#db.exec('PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;');
+      this.#db.exec('PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;');
+      this.#db.exec(
+        'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cache (key TEXT PRIMARY KEY, value TEXT, last_accessed INTEGER NOT NULL) WITHOUT ROWID;',
+      );
+    }
+
+    return this.#db;
+  }
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  async get(key: string): Promise<any> {
+    const db = this.#ensureDb();
+    const statement = db.prepare('SELECT value FROM cache WHERE key = ?');
+    const row = statement.get(key) as { value: string } | undefined;
+
+    if (row) {
+      db.prepare('UPDATE cache SET last_accessed = unixepoch() WHERE key = ?').run(key);
+
+      return JSON.parse(row.value);
+    }
+
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  has(key: string): boolean {
+    const db = this.#ensureDb();
+    const statement = db.prepare('SELECT 1 FROM cache WHERE key = ?');
+
+    return !!statement.get(key);
+  }
+
+  async set(key: string, value: unknown): Promise<this> {
+    const db = this.#ensureDb();
+    const statement = db.prepare(
+      'INSERT OR REPLACE INTO cache (key, value, last_accessed) VALUES (?, ?, unixepoch())',
+    );
+    statement.run(key, JSON.stringify(value));
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  createCache<V = unknown>(namespace: string): Cache<V> {
+    return new Cache(this, namespace);
+  }
+
+  close(): void {
+    if (this.#db) {
+      try {
+        // 1. Delete items older than N days
+        this.#db
+          .prepare("DELETE FROM cache WHERE last_accessed < unixepoch('now', ?);")
+          .run(`-${this.ttlDays} days`);
+
+        // 2. Prune oldest items if payload exceeds maxPayloadSize
+        const pruneStmt = this.#db.prepare(`
+          DELETE FROM cache WHERE key IN (
+            SELECT key FROM (
+              SELECT key, 
+                     sum(length(key) + length(value)) OVER (ORDER BY last_accessed DESC, key DESC) as running_size
+              FROM cache
+            ) WHERE running_size > ?
+          );
+        `);
+        pruneStmt.run(this.maxPayloadSize);
+      } catch {
+        // Pruning errors should not block build success
+      } finally {
+        this.#db.close();
+        this.#db = undefined;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

packages/angular/build/src/tools/esbuild/sqlite-cache-store_spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright Google LLC All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.dev/license
+ */
+
+import { promises as fs } from 'node:fs';
+import { join } from 'node:path';
+import { SqliteCacheStore } from './sqlite-cache-store';
+
+describe('SqliteCacheStore', () => {
+  let tempDir: string;
+  let cachePath: string;
+  let store: SqliteCacheStore;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    // Create a temporary directory in the workspace for testing
+    tempDir = join(__dirname, `sqlite-test-temp-${Date.now()}`);
+    await fs.mkdir(tempDir, { recursive: true });
+    cachePath = join(tempDir, 'test-cache.db');
+    store = new SqliteCacheStore(cachePath);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    store.close();
+    await fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  });
+
+  it('should store and retrieve a value', async () => {
+    const data = { foo: 'bar', list: [1, 2, 3] };
+    await store.set('test-key', data);
+
+    const result = await store.get('test-key');
+    expect(result).toEqual(data);
+  });
+
+  it('should return undefined for non-existent key', async () => {
+    const result = await store.get('missing-key');
+    expect(result).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('should correctly report existence of a key', async () => {
+    expect(store.has('exist-key')).toBeFalse();
+
+    await store.set('exist-key', 'value');
+    expect(store.has('exist-key')).toBeTrue();
+  });
+
+  it('should overwrite values for existing keys', async () => {
+    await store.set('overwrite-key', 'initial');
+    await store.set('overwrite-key', 'updated');
+
+    const result = await store.get('overwrite-key');
+    expect(result).toBe('updated');
+  });
+
+  it('should prune items older than TTL on close', async () => {
+    // Write two items
+    await store.set('new-key', 'new-val');
+    await store.set('old-key', 'old-val');
+
+    // Close the store so we can modify the DB safely
+    store.close();
+
+    // Directly open database to update timestamp of 'old-key' to 15 days ago
+    const { DatabaseSync } = await import('node:sqlite');
+    const directDb = new DatabaseSync(cachePath);
+    directDb
+      .prepare('UPDATE cache SET last_accessed = unixepoch() - 15 * 24 * 3600 WHERE key = ?')
+      .run('old-key');
+    directDb.close();
+
+    // Reopen store with a 14-day TTL, access it to open connection, then close to trigger pruning
+    const pruneStore = new SqliteCacheStore(cachePath, undefined, 14);
+    expect(pruneStore.has('new-key')).toBeTrue();
+    pruneStore.close();
+
+    // Verify 'old-key' is gone but 'new-key' remains
+    const checkStore = new SqliteCacheStore(cachePath);
+    expect(checkStore.has('old-key')).toBeFalse();
+    expect(checkStore.has('new-key')).toBeTrue();
+    checkStore.close();
+  });
+
+  it('should prune oldest items when total payload size exceeds maximum on close', async () => {
+    // Close the default store so we can instantiate one with a small limit
+    store.close();
+
+    // Create a store with a tiny size limit (e.g. 25 bytes)
+    // Keys 'k1', 'k2', 'k3' are small (each is 10 bytes: key + JSON.stringify(value)).
+    // Total size of k1 + k2 + k3 is 30 bytes, which exceeds the 25 bytes limit.
+    const sizeStore = new SqliteCacheStore(cachePath, 25);
+
+    // Set k1, then k2, then k3.
+    // Order of inserts: k1 (oldest), k2 (middle), k3 (newest)
+    await sizeStore.set('k1', 'value1');
+    await sizeStore.set('k2', 'value2');
+    await sizeStore.set('k3', 'value3');
+
+    // Close sizeStore to trigger pruning
+    sizeStore.close();
+
+    // Reopen to check which keys were kept
+    const checkStore = new SqliteCacheStore(cachePath);
+    // k3 (newest) and k2 (middle) should be kept (~20 bytes total)
+    // k1 (oldest) should be pruned to get under 25 bytes.
+    expect(checkStore.has('k3')).toBeTrue();
+    expect(checkStore.has('k2')).toBeTrue();
+    expect(checkStore.has('k1')).toBeFalse();
+    checkStore.close();
+  });
+});